• br Hedgehog pathway in embryonic development It is

  2022-01-13

  

  Hedgehog pathway in embryonic development It is now well established that the Hedgehog pathway solves a role as one of the essential signaling mechanisms for the modulation of cellular growth and differentiation during embryogenesis. Operating through time- and position-dependent mechanisms, this

• Several layers of regulation for

  2022-01-13

  

  Several layers of regulation for this canonical activation of the HH pathway exist. First, the protein kinase A (PKA), the casein kinase 1α (CK1α) and GSK3β can phosphorylate and mark for proteosomal degradation the GLI transcription factors. [36] Second, Suppressor of Fused (SUFU) binds to GLI and

• br Acknowledgments br Introduction Histone deacetylases

  2022-01-13

  

  Acknowledgments Introduction Histone deacetylases (HDACs) related to tumor suppressor genes have become promising targets for the treatment of cancer [1,2]. Under the normal physiological conditions, Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) together regulate the acety

• Activation of sGC induces the generation of cyclic

  2022-01-13

  

  Activation of sGC induces the generation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), phosphorylation of protein kinase G (PKG) and changes in activity of effector proteins such as phosphodiesterases (PDE), ion channels and ion pumps [43]. This pathway eventually leads to dilation of Caspase-3/7 Inhibi

• br Conclusion In conclusion we showed that apoptosis

  2022-01-13

  

  Conclusion In conclusion, we showed that apoptosis is involved in etoposide-induced pancreatic β-cell cytotoxicity. More importantly, as shown in Fig. 6, the results of this study demonstrated that etoposide induces pancreatic β-cell death via the JNK/ERK activation-mediated GSK-3 downstream-trig

• br Conflict of interest statement br Acknowledgments

  2022-01-13

  

  Conflict of interest statement Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Dr. Linda Console-Bram for her editing of this review, Valentina Lucchesi for help with the figures, and acknowledge funding from NIH/NIDA (DA023204). Introduction G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) has emerg

• We recently reported that the human derived

  2022-01-13

  

  We recently reported that the human-derived PancCa cell line PANC-1 and the human-derived hepatocellular HepG2 cell line express GPR55 mRNA and protein [21]. In PANC-1 and HepG2 cells, knockdown of GPR55 with specific siRNAs abrogates cellular uptake of Tocrifluor 1117, a selective GPR55 ligand [21]

• In order to elucidate the mechanisms

  2022-01-13

  

  In order to elucidate the mechanisms behind the observed changes in metabolic activity in the cardiomyoblasts we investigated changes in gene and protein expression subsequent to treatment with PSN632408 with or without concurrent exposure to palmitate. Activating GPR119 in basal and high palmitate

• br Introduction Glycoproteins represent a staggeringly small

  2022-01-13

  

  Introduction Glycoproteins represent a staggeringly small fraction of proteins analyzed by high-resolution techniques despite high concentrations at the cell surface and critical roles in many human diseases. Though one-half or more of all human proteins are predicted to contain a carbohydrate ch

• Following an endoproteolytic cleavage of C secretase trims

  2022-01-12

  

  Following an endoproteolytic cleavage of C99, γ-secretase trims the remaining fragment Aβ49 or Aβ48 in successive, mostly three-residue steps. Aβ49 typically gives rise to Aβ46, Aβ43, and Aβ40; whereas Aβ48 usually yields Aβ45 and Aβ42 [59]. The physical basis for this characteristic cleavage patter

• br Declarations of interest br Acknowledgements This work

  2022-01-12

  

  Declarations of interest Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81673321, 21506099), the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research (SIMM1705KF-13), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BK20151541), and the Jiangsu Syne

• Main Text FFAR GPR is a long chain

  2022-01-12

  

  Main Text FFAR1 (GPR40) is a long-chain fatty ML347 (LCFA) receptor highly expressed and enriched in enteroendocrine cells, where it senses LCFAs generated from dietary triglycerides, and in pancreatic islet cells, where it acts as a powerful stimulator of insulin secretion. However, the physiolog

• The importance of the histone chaperone function of

  2022-01-12

  

  The importance of the histone chaperone function of Hat1p was highlighted by the recent demonstration that the catalytic activity of Hat1p is not sufficient for its function in vivo. Fusion of a nuclear export signal (NES) to yeast Hat1p effectively excluded the enzyme from the nucleus, with a conco

• br Introduction The coronary vasculature is required for sup

  2022-01-12

  

  Introduction The coronary vasculature is required for supplying oxygenated blood to the cardiac muscle. Proper coronary blood circulation is essential for embryonic and adult cardiac tissue homeostasis. Defects associated with the coronary function leads to myocardial ischemia, infarction, and he

• br Mechanism of HH pathway activation

  2022-01-12

  

  Mechanism of HH pathway activation in NSCLC Despite the role of the HH pathway in basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma, it has been postulated that epithelial tumors do not demonstrate cell autonomous HH ligand activity. The main evidence comes from the study by Yauch et al showing no correla

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